Barriers Influencing Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Intentions Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM): A Scoping Review

Abstract

This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize the barriers that influence human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination intention among unvaccinated men who have sex with men (MSM). A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major domestic and international academic databases from 2015 to 2024. Ten peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The findings revealed four overarching thematic categories with twelve corresponding subthemes: financial barriers, such as high vaccination cost; healthcare provider-related factors, including lack of proactive recommendation; cognitive factors, including limited knowledge or awareness of HPV risks and vaccine benefits; and psychological factors, such as internalized stigma and uncertainty about sexual identity. This review highlights the multifaceted and intersecting nature of the barriers that MSM face in forming vaccination intentions, moving beyond a simple listing of individual factors. It emphasizes the need for multi-layered, culturally responsive public health interventions that address both structural and psychosocial determinants. Notably, the review identifies a significant research gap within the Korean context, where no relevant empirical studies were found. Therefore, it calls for the urgent development of localized research and evidence-based policies. Recommendations include providing inclusive and accessible health information, implementing LGBTQ+-sensitive provider training, and establishing financial support mechanisms to reduce cost-related barriers. These strategies may contribute to improving vaccine uptake and advancing health equity among sexual minority populations, thereby informing future national public health agendas.