Exploring the Diversity of Welfare Universalism: Concepts and Applications

Abstract

Universalism, a principle of social policy distribution since the 19th century, varies across times and national contexts. The UK and Nordic countries have developed different universalistic policies, with the UK focusing on equal benefits for all and the Nordic countries aiming for equal entitlement. Often regarded as universal welfare states, the Nordic countries applied universalism to social policy programs in line with social democratic ideology. South Korea has introduced many universalistic programs but faces challenges in social security, inequality, and funding. The findings demonstrate nuanced differences in perceptions of universalism between experts from South Korea and the Nordic countries. The study underscores the complexity of welfare universalism and the need for careful consideration, especially given South Korea's limited participation from key social policy players.